VINCOLI: No student freedom at NUS

By Walker Vincoli
Thursday, January 26, 2012

My first impression of the country was a threat. No, not the customs form that reads, “Warning: death for drug traffickers under Singapore law.” Within two hours of landing, a security guard threatened me with arrest. My crime? Standing outside the airport subway terminal at 3 a.m., reading the schedule.

Welcome to Singapore.

When responding to concerns about academic freedom at the soon to be launched Yale-NUS College in March 2011, Yale University President Richard Levin made a measured endorsement, citing the “due diligence” Yale conducted and the “widespread sense that faculty in Singapore” enjoy academic freedom.

I could ask how academic freedom exists for professors when, in two semesters as a political science student at the National University of Singapore, I have been taught by only one tenured professor. I could ask how professors have the freedom to judge their students’ work when they must instead follow departmental curves.

However, having completed my second semester in Singapore through a joint program between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and NUS, I will raise a different question. What freedom do students enjoy?

It would be easy to challenge the residence halls’ blue laws, the continued prohibition on male homosexual acts under Singaporean penal code section 377A, the illegality of public protest and the casual jokes about fines and caning. It would be easy to ask whether the Yale Daily News will be forced to make the required $200,000 foreign publication security deposit and designate a local representative to be sued. It would be easy, but none of this was as troubling as my classroom experience.

Yale’s apparent focus on the faculty and not the student overlooks the academic culture at NUS. Students change arguments, button their lips and absorb opinions from on high. Singapore is not a free country and NUS is not a free university.

The litmus test for academic freedom, to me, is the ability of students and faculty to engage their own country’s politics. In Singapore’s case, this happens in PS2249 at NUS: “Government and Politics of Singapore.” I sat in stunned silence week after week as the professor recounted anecdotes of People’s Action Party interference in previous iterations of the class. Lower your criticism of the PAP, he had been told. Reduce your coverage of opposition parties. These little comments peppered the lectures as he covered the basic function of Singapore’s political apparatus.

When writing my midterm paper on press freedom in Singapore, I toned down criticism of the courts’ decisions in successful lawsuits against The New York Times and Wall Street Journal, partly due to a fear of retaliatory grading and partly because I worried my paper broke the law against scandalizing the court.

In a senior seminar on international law, only one student in 25 admitted that he had seen the infamous pictures of Abu Ghraib before being shown them in class. When my disbelief spilled over onto Facebook, a classmate told me that a majority had recognized the pictures but would not speak in class. When I heard that, a memory from “Government and Politics of Singapore” became all the more significant.

The professor polled the class: “How many of you believe that your general election vote is secret?” I was shocked to see that half of the students raised a hand. Hearing my seminar classmate’s thoughts on keeping quiet only made that experience more troubling.

The final exam for the course asked us whether Singapore is a democracy. If half the students believe the PAP will read their votes, would they not also believe that it will read their essays? The course itself explained that the PAP selects the highest performers from the nation’s universities for party building.

On campus, students treat knowledge as a commodity. Questions exist to be answered, not raised. An upcoming talk on campus will cover the Singapore Internal Security Act (think Patriot Act). The event fliers make a modest pitch. There is no mention of a vigorous discussion on the law’s merits, necessity or risks, but rest assured, the talk will “clear your doubts.” You will “have your questions answered.”

President Levin’s due diligence may have revealed no infringement on academic freedom. However, enforcement need not exist, because the society has turned individuals into self-policing subjects. Singapore has succeeded in making self-censorship routine and integrating it into the state-owned media, the state-controlled university and the minds of its citizens.

Depending on what Yale’s leadership hopes to accomplish through this collaboration, the task that lies ahead may be insurmountable. I applaud Yale for raising concerns about academic freedom — something I believe my university ignored — but focusing solely on faculty experience is dangerously myopic.

If Yale’s leaders want a student’s perspective, I would be happy to provide one. I would say things that I did not want NUS’s administrators reading in the News while I was still in Singapore.

Walker Vincoli is a senior in the UNC-NUS Joint Degree Program. He studied in Singapore in the fall semesters of 2010 and 2011 as a Phillips Ambassador.

Comments

  • The Anti-Yale

    Infiltrate and subvert. Singapore ain’t gonna mess wid Yale.

  • NEWater

    As a Singaporean who studies stateside in order to escape the intellectual straitjacket of his own society I’ll also have to point out that the constitutional “right” of the freedom of speech is not accorded to non-citizens.

    This also applies to non-citizens who do not reside in Singapore: do note the case of Alan Shadrake who was jailed for scandalizing the courts, and was forced to sleep on a cold, hard floor despite having a slipped disc.

    I have also visited NUS frequently, and crashed a couple of lectures (political science in particular), and I want to corroborate everything this writer has described about the student and lecturer culture in the university.Studying political science in Singapore is honestly, not much different from studying medicine in the Congo.

  • ldffly

    Yale get out of Singapore now!

    By the way, has Yale considered the issue of quality of faculty research coming out of such a setting? I doubt it. The corporation needs to replace Pres. Levin soon.

  • River_Tam

    Great op-ed. Yale sold out by getting involved with Singapore.

  • akshayr

    As an international student in NUS some ten years back, my experience couldn’t be further from yours, I’m afraid to note. I’ve been to political studies courses where a lecturer did mention him being, shall we say, restricted by the government. However, it was my impression that this had been in the 80′s; at least since the turn of the century, restrictions increasingly have been getting freer. Heck, I’ve been in a political rally where the opposition basically screamed “Sack those buggers” (the buggers being those in power) to a gathering of about five thousand. The police merely looked on.

    As for students not admitting to seeing pictures from Abu Ghraib, I’m afraid I don’t see much point there; if you know about your politics, you’d note that it’s not really subversive to the system to see the pictures in the first place. Instead, I’d say that NUS has a more basic problem in not getting students who aren’t vocal about their thoughts in general, and not just to do with politics, a criticism that other local universities such as SMU or INSEAD (hey, they have a branch across the road from NUS) don’t share.

    Restrictions of criticism of the court system isn’t really an evidence of totalitarianism; Americans might not appreciate this much because your judicial system doesn’t really have this notion, but under English Common Law on which Singapore’s judicial system is based, has a provision for a criminal contempt of court (unlike a _civil_ contempt of court, as is the case in United States). Contempt of court most decidedly *does* not extend itself to a classroom, not in Britain, Australia, Canada, India, South Africa or indeed, Singapore. I don’t personally agree with it, mind you – there is a reasonable case to be made for absolute free speech – but under the Westminster mode of governance, there’s a qualitative difference between the executive restricting speech and the judiciary restricting speech.

    In short, you should have submitted the criticism of the Singapore’s system in your mid-term papers or in your written submissions. Not only would the system not be bothered about criticisms from specific students – seriously, you’re just patting your own ego if you think NUS is bothered about the views of one single student in a community of 20,000+ students – you would also have scored a good grade if you present your thoughts coherently. I should know; that’s what my term paper on subversive groups in Singapore received.

  • yeohlc

    As a Singaporean (not a student), I must say that the writer has been more than a little economical with the actualité …

    The first paragraph itself reflects that … People in Singapore don’t get threatened with arrest for reading a schedule in an airport terminal.

    For those interested in something more real, a liveblog of a forum held at NUS today where a Singaporean MP and three opposition politicians participated can be found at The Online Citizen (a socio-political blog) https://www.facebook.com/#!/theonlinecitizen.

  • jedi_mudster

    1) It’s pretty poor representation to say that your crime was standing outside the airport at 3a.m., when we don’t quite know for sure what the security guard thought you were doing, and also don’t know quite what he said. I find it highly unlikely he threatened you with ‘arrest’, because private security guards are not allowed to arrest under the law. Even in Singapore, only the police can. Also, clearly the fact that you were not arrested (or at least, you didn’t care to share your experiences of being under arrest in this article) suggests that the guard misunderstood, and backed off after you made it clear you were not a criminal. If he had pursued and arrested you even after the misunderstanding had been cleared up, then that would have been a transgression of your individual.

    2) Abu Ghraib is an issue that concerns the American public far more than it concerns Singapore – to expect Singaporeans to have heard about it is, first and foremost, pretty arrogant. Yes, it was a shocking event, but it doesn’t mean everyone has heard about it. You may have learnt about the racial riots that happened in Singapore in the 1960s – or hang on, you mightn’t have. Yet this is something all Singaporeans grow up knowing. But that doesn’t mean I’m going to come to America expecting everybody to have heard about it.

    In this article you’ve given a string of examples for why Singapore – and NUS – is not a place of free speech. Yet these examples are weak. The first I’ve highlighted above suggests an inherent contradiction between your choice of example and the effect you intended it to have. The second shows a logical flaw that reeks, unfortunately, of an American-centric worldview that neglects the fact that Singapore is its own country, where its people have their own culture, and therefore may receive the same media messages with different responses. On the whole, your article suggests to me that you have a rather shallow grasp of how Singaporeans – and in particular NUS students – think.

    • jedi_mudster

      Discussion, in general, is not something that is done in Singapore, or NUS. While it is possible to argue that this might have something to do with the prevailing political climate, the fact that many of us grew up in families where we were expected to do things without questioning the motivations is also a relevant factor. There also isn’t a dominant culture of individuality – therefore individual thoughts and opinions are not cultivated from the time that children go to school, the way they might be in the United States. Instead, children are used to being told to sit quietly and listen to their teachers, and if questions are to be raised, they should be done outside of class time, rather than during. This results, for instance, in a class culture that de-prioritises participation even at the university level, as well as an event poster that modestly suggests a question-and-answer format rather than robust debate. This is simply because very few people are actually going to go up there and debate issues.

      But this does not mean that you have represented Singaporeans accurately. Yes, all these point to the very real culture where Singaporeans dare not voice their views in public. But this doesn’t mean that Singaporeans are muted lambs. Far from it: the recent General Election, which unfortunately you missed since you were not around during the Spring semester of 2010-2011, saw an unprecedented glut of online debate. Many times it became extremely obvious that the government did not have a complete grasp of what was going on in the blogosphere, let alone a policing system that could keep up with the actual content of what was being said. Parodies were rife, and while I’m sure there was a sense at the back of many people’s minds that some of these parodies might fall outside the realm of ‘acceptability’, that caution didn’t stop people from producing and consuming these media. Singaporeans also made it very clear through these alternative channels that they were not happy at how state newspapers deliberately fabricated certain news stories to tarnish the reputation of certain individuals.

    • jedi_mudster

      To give a very crude example, I walked into my sociology examination to find a peer sitting at his desk, proudly wearing an ‘I HEART WP’ shirt – WP being the opposition party that had, at the time, the best chance of upsetting the PAP in some of its constituencies, and which eventually, I’m proud to say, did. As I walked around campus after that, there were many others who were proudly sporting the blue WP umbrellas, despite the fact that it was not raining, and it is unusual to see people carrying umbrellas to shield against the sun, particularly men. There might be uncertainties over the secrecy of our votes (and yes, they are) but these people proudly wore their support on their literal and metaphorical sleeves anyway, in the face of any fear of retribution they might have had. All these, and more, are indicative of the fact that just because Singaporeans do not directly go against their government and media, it does not mean that they do not have an opinion, and are wary of exploring those opinions and thoughts even if they are counter to the official line put down by the government. In short, we may on the surface seem to be apolitical citizens especially given the liberal American standards you have implicitly judged us by, but if you’d dug a little deeper, you might have found that this does not blanket description of caution and fear does not adequately describe the political variety of Singaporeans that exists, much less of NUS students.

      Thank you, though, for bringing the focus on to NUS students. We are, after all, a population of 20,000+, and I would find it hard to believe that this article adequately describes all 20,000 of us. For instance, I personally have never felt the need to self-censor in my academic (or non-academic) writings for fear of offending the government and scandalising our legal system, though your considerations clearly show that my nonchalance might be unique. So if Yale’s leaders want students’ perspectives, I beg them to also consider Singaporeans in their focus group – and to be sure to use sampling methods that would stand up to academic rigour.

    • schnickelfritz

      Thank you for this. It’s important to hear from Singaporeans who have been through the system and have a slightly more nuanced perspective than others who are criticizing it from the outside.

  • jamesdakrn

    Live free or die.

  • The Anti-Yale

    Americans use the First Amendment to act out an almost Oedipal defiance of authority in journalism, academia, art , and the pulpit. We almost ritualize our defiance,

    Perhaps, as the previous poster suggests, we confuse defiance with freedom of expression in assessing Singaporean culture.

    Perhaps?

    PK

  • awesomepossum

    ‎1. He notes that when taking PS2249 (Govt and Politics of Singapore), he was ‘stunned’ when the professor recounted anecdotes of PAP interference in previous classes (I assume years ago). The professor had been told to edit the content to make it more acceptable to the ruling party.

    That the prof could even speak about it so candidly to students, of course, never occurs to him as evidence that there is some degree of freedom within the university to acknowledge the structural constraints on free speech of past and present. Simply pointing out that historically there were restrictions doesn’t mean that in the present, those restrictions still stand as strongly. If we’re talking about the American context, why not talk about McCarthyism or the Vietnam War eras? Should I then be expected to concluded that present-day American campuses have no academic freedom? No, that would be a poor point to make.

    2. He admits that he toned down criticism of the courts’ decisions in lawsuits against NYT and WSJ in his midterm paper on press freedom in Singapore because he feared breaking the law against scandalising the court.

    How is it that his individual fears of being arrested, as well as his decision to self-censor, prove that the system is so stifling that he cannot express his opinion? I’m not jumping to defend the system here – I can readily admit that there are restrictions to freedom of speech which are strong – but I’m just saying that him generalising his own particular experience to apply to all students at NUS is rather problematic.

    Later on, he suggests that if students believe the govt will read their votes, they will also believe that the govt will read their essay response to an exam question about whether Singapore is a democracy. Again, it baffles me as to how he gets from this question to the conclusion that he cannot say anything about the system.

    3. He also says that in a senior seminar at NUS, only 1 in 25 students admitted they had seen the Abu Ghraib pictures before the lecturer showed them. He was in ‘disbelief’.

    Perhaps he could reconsider using knowledge of that event as a benchmark for academic freedom throughout the world, given that Abu Ghraib was not naturally a global event, and not on the agendas of most countries or publics. He is suggesting here that the system of censorship is so restrictive as to completely block out images and stories of injustice and rights violations throughout the world. But Abu Ghraib and American foreign policy do not in themselves constitute or monopolise global injustice or rights violations. There are plenty of other examples.

  • awesomepossum

    4. He notes that an upcoming talk on campus about the ISA will not involve a vigorous discussion on the law’s merits, necessity or risks, but will instead arrive at conclusions that everyone will be satisfied with – all of this be got from the ‘modest’ nature of the promotional flier for that talk. And he stops there – as if the anecdote says everything there is to say about how scarily restrictive the environment is that formal representations of knowledge have to conform to ‘safe’ language.

    Has he actually attended any of these talks? Does he understand how people here, many of whom are deeply invested in politics and the political maturation of this society, engage in informal politics beyond the formal structure placed by the govt? By conveniently ignoring what’s going on in practice and choosing to highlight only the formal dimension of politics, does he not trivialise the efforts of people here to contribute to political discourse? When he calls Singaporean students self-policing subjects and carriers of governmental ideology/discourse, has he failed to note the increasingly robust debates going on right now about ministerial salaries, about prosecutorial discretion, about mistreatment of foreign workers and so on? Many of these debates I have had online have involved students from NUS, both past and present. I dare not generalise about the student population as he does, only that the picture is not as starkly Orwellian as he has painted.

    I can respect his concern about Yale’s collaboration with NUS, but I certainly do not appreciate the degree of mischaracterisation which has been borne by anecdotes which say little but distort much, sweeping generalisations which sound grand but crumble upon scrutiny, and conclusions that border on irresponsibility for someone writing in the daily newsletter for the campus population to read.

  • pinkbaboon

    The writer is clearly looking to create a dramatic experience for his readers. The example about being “threatened with arrest” for standing at an airport terminal is absolutely ridiculous. As a US citizen who has lived in Singapore, I’d like to make the simple point that you are way more likely to be threatened with arrest at a US airport than in Singapore.

    I wish people would stop complaining about the whole Yale-NUS thing. Honestly, if you want the country to open up, then start this liberal arts institution and HELP THEM move in that direction.

    Don’t do the same old American cultural imperialism bullshit and just vindicate other countries and concoct horror stories just to validate yourself as a self-appointed moral arbitrator.

  • eeiciap

    I am another Singaporean pursuing my higher education in America to escape the pervasive culture as described (accurately, in my opinion) by the author.

    I would like to point out that the author should not have kowtowed to the system by toning down his midterm paper. Academic grades, especially in a society where success is effectively measured by your GPA, is an effective tool of control. The author witnessed himself how intellectual integrity is secondary to the students at NUS. They are more interested in being given the right answers for their exams rather than asking questions.

  • alvintys

    I find Mr. Vicoli’s comments to be a rather gross misrepresentation of how Singapore is like in reality. Rather, through a careful read of his ‘experiences’, it would seem that he was more inclined to abstract such ‘experiences’ in whichever way or form to fit into his pre-conceived conception of what he thinks Singapore is like. For one, I hardly think that he would have been threatened with arrest for merely standing outside the airport. If that was truly the case, I strongly encourage Mr. Vicoli to lodge an official complain to airport security, the Singapore Tourism Board, and all other relevant authorities to remedy the problem. More to the point, having been one of his course mates in said International Law seminar in NUS, it is immediately apparent to me that his description of the academic culture in NUS is starkly different from the reality on the ground. But I believe another course-mate of mine will soon provide a more eloquent and accurate portrayal of what studying in NUS, and Singapore in general, is like, and will thus defer the matter to him.

    Mr. Vicoli’s comments aside, what I find more disturbing, as a Singaporean that is actually studying in Singapore, are the comments from purported Singaporeans that are currently studying overseas. There is no doubt that there is a prevailing sense of cynicism and skepticism to the political hegemony of the PAP in Singapore. But I would like to question the validity of those echoed sentiments that referenced the culture of academic oppression and lack of freedom in Singaporean universities. Simply put, if you’re studying overseas, how would you know how it is like to read, say Political Science, in NUS? Are your comments merely iterations of what you perceive or think tertiary education is like in Singapore, or are they actually grounded in well-informed, first hand experiences?

    It is easy to criticize and be a cynic while playing the role as a spectator. However, as a Political Science major myself in NUS, I can safely put forth a considered and measured opinion – one that is grounded from four years of first hand experience in NUS – that students are not repressed in NUS.

  • Jerry

    Regardless of your other examples (and I have no doubt that Singapore’s academic culture is less “free” on-face than America’s academic culture, but this isn’t my point), I would like to point out that the first two questions you offer don’t really have anything to do with academic freedom. Not an overwhelming number of tenured professors? Harsh departmental curves that don’t afford professors the freedom to give everybody an A? It sounds just a little bit like being a science major… in America! The horror.

  • rancidgas

    I have no idea where or what Abu Ghraib is. Oh, that’s right: it’s because my country wasn’t the one that was behind it nor all the atrocities that took place in the name of homeland security. And it sure as hell wasn’t a Singaporean who did what Specialist England did to those prisoners. Yeah, that’s it.

  • BC

    No Student Freedom at NUS – Really?

    My first impression of Mr Vincoli’s article was of utter disbelief. A security guard threatening him with arrest? For standing outside the subway terminal reading the schedule? It seems highly unlikely that actually happened. It reads more like at an attempt to set the tone for the article to portray Singapore as a police state. Anyhow, if it did happen, I urge Mr. Vincoli to lodge an official complaint with the security company, the Singapore Tourism Board and the public transport company responsible for the airport subway. If it is true, such a glaring mistake must be rectified. I wouldn’t stand for it, and neither should he.

    But that’s not the point of this article. Welcome to the view of Student Freedom by a NUS Political Science student.

    I also wouldn’t presume to know whether professors have the freedom to judge students’ work. But I have never been marked down for my political positions in essays, tutorials and seminars. Neither have any of my peers who have far more critical views on the political system than I do.

    What freedom do students enjoy? Students enjoy the freedom to criticise governmental policy, the freedom to voice their opinions freely and without fear. I have never met anyone in my course who has confessed to being fearful of being ratted out to the ruling party. In fact, debate is robust and the cohort is politically active, participating in political activisim both online and offline.

    Mr Vincoli’s classroom experience was unfortunate but was coloured by his own view of what Singapore is – a police state repressing their people. Singapore is a not liberal state, nor is it an authoritarian state. Situate it on a scale if you will. Competitive authoritarianism? Hybrid regime? Illiberal democracy? Take your pick but Singapore is not a dictatorship with infiltrators in the university reporting their peers to the regime.

    Singapore is a not a free country, but neither is America.

  • BC

    Do students change their arguments? Do they button their lips and absorb opinions from on high? That hasn’t been my experience in NUS at all. When I took a past iteration of PS2249 “Government and Politics of Singapore”, it definitely was not a PAP-approved course nor could I see any interference by the PAP. How could that be the case, when the course enlightened any who bothered to go for class about the unfairness of the system? The criticism levelled at the political system was fierce and vitrolic. Lecturers, tutors and students on both sides of the fence pulled no punches in defending or attacking the system. The PAP may have attempted to interfere in the past (I wouldn’t know, I’m just repeating anecdotes here!), but from my participation in that class, they haven’t done it in a long long while.

    I was disappointed to read that Mr Vincoli has engaged in self-censorship because of an unfounded fear of retaliatory grading and scandalising the courts. He should not have done so. Professors want to see well-argued essays, not what would best please the ruling party.

    I was even more disappointed to read about the senior seminar on international law. I am the classmate who told Mr Vincoli that a majority would not speak in class. My point had absolutely nothing to do with political self-censorship or a climate of fear. What does recognising a picture of Abu Gharib have to do with the fear of political retaliation by the ruling party? It seems to me that Mr Vincoli is trying to link two disparate things together in order to prove a point that is unfounded – that there is no student freedom in NUS.

    My point I tried to make to Mr Vincoli was that the refusal to speak up could have stemmed from several reasons: shyness, a reluctance to be seen as a teacher’s pet, apathy or even the fear of getting the answer wrong. The list can go on… but one thing is clear. I have never encountered any individual who has professed that he/she is fearful of being targeted by the ruling party for his/her words in class. In my personal opinion, I believe the reason the majority of people do not speak up is beacause of their mastery orientation which is geared towards performance rather than learning. The performance goal focuses on demonstrating competence and hiding inadequacy while the learning goal involves doing something for the sake of learning.

    With regards to the professor’s straw poll about election vote secrecy, bear in mind that many of the students in that class are non-Singaporeans and a great number of Singaporeans are generally apathetic in class, or refuse to respond to the professor based on the reasons above.

  • BC

    I highly doubt that the PAP actually reads the essays of students. If so, many of my peers should have been called up and questioned by now. Making the jump from reading votes to reading essays is indictive of paranoia. The PAP has much more important things to do than browse through thousands of papers. I’m not white-washing the PAP here, I’m just telling it as it is. The PAP has bigger fish to fry, such as thinking how to win back the hearts and minds of the electorate.
    Is Singapore a democracy? Well that really depends on your definition of democracy – electoral or liberal? That is however, the premise of another article.

    I do agree that knowledge is treated like a commodity. Knowledge is power, guard it well! But of course, you might say that knowledge should be treated like a precious end to itself and that in America, people pursue knowledge for knowledge’s own sake. However, people quantify things differently. And in any case, such a generalisation speaks of cultural superiority, that Westerners pursue knowledge based on high falutin ideals. Also, generalisations are never true, many Americans seek higher education to improve their lot in life, using knowledge as a commodity to climb the social ladder.

    I take classes I think are interesting and so do my peers. If we are so academically inclined to pursue knowledge just so we can achieve the grades, why, my course mates in my current International Trade class must be the very exception to the rule. In that seminar, the professor asked if any of us had International Political Economy background. Most of the class did not have any background but that did not stop them from tackling such an unfamilliar topic. I do not wholly profess to be idealistic, taking classes because I want to gain knowledge for knowledge’s own sake. I have taken classes to boost my grades, treating it as a commodity but I was also careful to take the classes that I like and found interesting…

    I will not dispute the self-censorship of the media nor the university as I am not part of those institutions and I have no qualms about saying that I do not know their inner workings well enough to proclaim that. The media may be allegedly controlled by the state, but there are alternative media outlets… and Mr Vincoli would do well to check out socio-political websites or political party Facebook pages. Are citizens sheep? Are they easily blinded by propaganda? I am disappointed Mr Vincoli has assumed that we have all be brainwashed by the state.

    If Yale’s leaders want an actual NUS student’s perspective, I would be happy to provide one. I would speak the truth as how I view it.

  • tmiranda_traveler

    I’d like to offer support for this article after the numerous comments dismissing its legitimacy. I am currently an exchange student at NUS, and this will be my second semester attending the university. I,too, come from the U.S. and agree with most of the points established. I’d like to say that this thread of comments is probably the most amount of political opinion I’ve heard in six months time being in the country. To make it a bit clearer, I live in D.C. and go to one of the most politically active colleges in the States, and I can say that NUS is the exact opposite. I also want to add that many of the thread’s accusations against the article support the very points that Mr. Vincoli is trying to make.

    • schnickelfritz

      Could you elaborate? I’m curious to see how you find the thread’s responses as ‘supporting the very points that Mr. Vincoli is trying to make.’ I, for one, think that the comments have done a good job of refuting his generalizations while acknowledging the continued, regrettable state of affairs as perpetuated by the government in Singapore.

      Also, and this is a point that may very well be a crude generalization on my part as well, but did you spend most of your time with other exchange students, or with Singaporeans? I know that we are very different people from you, and the cultural difference often makes it hard and awkward to have sincere conversations about such weighty matters, but I’d like to suggest that there is an important distinction to be drawn between the campus cultures in the States and in Singapore (I write this as a Singaporean student studying in America). Yes, you probably rarely hear political opinion in your day-to-day life over causal conversations in NUS—but the subset of Singaporeans who ARE politically engaged (and I do acknowledge, quite sadly, that it’s a smaller proportion than in American liberal arts colleges) often take their views to different outlets (try the internet, particularly the online citizen, yawning bread, mr wang says so). Additionally, I’m sure you will have recognized that our conversational culture is also very different. But while reticence is often indicative of apathy, it isn’t always so, and a culturally-ingrained emphasis on the values of listening and understanding as opposed to expressing ourselves all the time (a characteristically American trait that I’m still getting used to) is not to be conflated with the mindlessness and brainwashed apathy that comes from swallowing everything that your unthinkingly authoritarian government puts out.

      Again, I would encourage you to reach out more to your classmates at school, before dismissing them all as dispassionate sheep. Unlike many Americans (and I am just basing this on my experience after two years in your country), we often don’t feel completely comfortable pouring our hearts out or vehemently expressing our beliefs to people we don’t know all that well. But that’s shyness, not self-censorship. I know it’s really easy to stick to people who are culturally similar to ourselves—and I know from experience it’s easier said than done—but before you pass judgment, ask yourself if your interactions have been sufficiently sustained to warrant these sweeping statements.

  • hope_en

    It is a pity because the classroom discussions that I know of are much more critical and lively as compared to the experience of the exchange students( as well as compared to the comments above).

    Since many commentators above has already written about the points mentioned by Mr. Vincoli, which in my humble opinion does show a display of gross generalisation and misunderstanding of the general nature of the political and academic discussion in NUS, I will not write further pertaining those points.

    Instead, I find it a pity that Mr. Vincoli did not manage to truly grasp the academic culture that we have in our classes or the mindset of the political science students here. I would have thought that in order to understand our mindset, one would need to first discuss and interact with us, get a grasp of what and how we think before making a judgement of how our mind actually works. Mr. Vincoli seemed to have missed this step in his project to understand us if I should judge solely from the lack of any mention of this in his article.

    It does seem to me that the long trip to this little dot on the map on an exchange programme was wasted since he was unable to accurately understand the real situation here. Perhaps it is true that one sees what they want to.

    A suggestion for tmiranda_traveler would be for him/her to take the chance in his second semester to better understand the academic situation in Singapore, perhaps speak to some senior political science students (if you would like to take students majoring in PS as your sample or the same sample that Mr. Vincoli used), sit into a few classes, mingle with them over lunch conversations and sit back, relax, and listen to all these conversations with an open mind.

    In that way, when an opinion is formulated at the end of your stay, it might be a more balanced judgement which the local students can actually identify as the situation in their own classrooms.

  • tkc

    Walker,
    If I’m not wrong, I was your TA for the module “Government & Politics of Singapore”. It is a pity, in my humble opinion, that you have thought so much and yet so little.

    Didn’t it occur to you that by even talking about such anecdotes of PAP interference in previous iterations of the class, Prof. Mutalib was actually engaging in Singapore’s politics? Did you not realize that by actually talking about censorship in class, there was already a critical discussion of Singapore politics?

    Your use of anecdotes to support your argument is appalling, if nothing else. “A classmate told me that a majority had recognized the pictures but would not speak in class”? If nothing else, I distinctly recall reminding you that you need to explain your statements clearly.
    For starters, why wouldn”t the rest of the class speak up?

    Allow me to tell you why. After speaking to some of my former students who were in that same class, the general response that I received was this.

    “Isn’t it obvious? Abu Ghraib! I really can’t be bothered to answer such a simple question.”

    There are two possibilities to why you did not point this out, and none reflect well upon you, I’m afraid.

    1) The moment you heard the words “wouldn’t speak in class”, you automatically associated such comments with self-censorship without probing further. But if your argument is about the lack of ability of the students and faculty to engage their own country’s politics, what does Abu Ghraib have to do with this? I fail to see the relevance of bringing in an example of Abu Grahib (which is an affair of the U.S.) into this argument. Comparing apples and oranges (to use a cliche), thought not an uncommon academic failing, displays a lack of critical thinking, I’m afraid.

    2) You deliberately omitted this fact in order to shape this anecdote into one in favour of your argument. In that case, this shows a lack of academic integrity, if not a subconscious desire to ignore facts and statements that do not fit in your pre-conceived notion of the academic culture in Singapore.

    As I said, none of these possibilities reflect well upon you.

    • tkc

      In addition, let’s talk about the tutorials for the Singapore politics module.

      I distinctly do not recall censoring my own statements in class, and neither do I recall submitting your essay to the authorities for approval. In fact, I actually encouraged you (along with the rest of the class) to express your opinions freely, joking that “there are no microphones in the classroom”.

      If you misinterpreted my joke, I suppose the only thing that I’m guilty of is being a bad comedian. Yet, I stand by the fact that in the tutorials you were perfectly free to express your opinions on Singapore politics, be it pro-establishment (or otherwise). If you didn’t, then I feel sad – not just for you, but for the rest of the class, for your comments could have sparked even more vibrant discussion than what had transpired.

      Yes, Singaporean students may be grade-conscious. But to equate that to a lack of academic freedom is sophomoric and definitely beneath you. You may or may not have enjoyed your stint in Singapore, but that does not give you carte blanche to misrepresent the department, nor does it give you the right to make false declarations about the lack of “student freedom” in NUS classrooms. To the professors who have constantly championed academic integrity and critical thinking, it is an insult beyond compare.

  • alvintys

    With reference to any and all present/future exchange students who may be reading this, if you truly are interested in getting a feel of the academic culture of NUS, or better yet, the degree of political awareness amongst Singaporean youths in general, allow me to make several suggestions:

    1. Make the effort to interact with your local classmates more. Beyond the few hours you spend in class each week, perhaps ingratiate yourself with the local student populace, make the extra effort to establish bonds of friendship. Of course, this is a reciprocal process, and local students have to do their part as well. But coming from my own personal experience going on exchange in the US, it is neither unreasonable nor unfathomable for you to undertake the initiative in this process. After all, this is YOUR exchange experience, it is what YOU make of it. Deciding to cloister your social interaction solely amongst exchange students does not aid the process of understanding the local culture of any given place or context.

    2. And if you truly would like a first-hand experience of political awareness and participation in NUS, I strongly recommend you engage yourselves in the multiple political forums that take place every semester. Failing that, the NUS Political Science society, NUS Students’ Political Associations are good alternatives. Best of all, join the NUS English Debate Club for lively discussions on current affairs. I’ve thoroughly enjoyed immersing myself in any one of these options during the four years of my studies, and I believe you would too.

    After all, there is more to Singapore than just Zouk every Wednesday nights with other exchange students. :]

  • Danielk

    I am an exchange student at NUS myself and now in my second semester here. My experiences have been quite different. While I don’t study Political Sciences, I have raised questions about Singapore politics to local people I meet and without exception I have gotten honest opinions. They often openly criticise the government and elaborate what they think should be changed.

    I come from a country where political discussion is nurtured and diverse (Switzerland) and coming to Singapore I was prepared to find an environment hostile to any political comment and where critique would lead to denunciation. And while it is true that the government is by no means democratic and basic rights, like the freedom of press, are limited, I was surprised to find out that most people are well aware of it and are happy to share their (often anti-governmental) opinion on that subject.

    I ask Mr. Vincoli, how much did you actually interact with local people? Have you tried to befriend them and talk to them outside class? I am sure if you had, you would have gotten another picture. I think it is a pity that many exchange students coming to NUS stick to other exchange students outside classes. Personally I got a much deeper insight into Singapore’s way of doing things and into Singaporeans’ way of thinking by interacting with locals outside lectures. If I had to draw an image of Singapore on my classroom experience, it would indeed be a shallow vision.

    It is certainly true that there is not much interaction during lectures, but this is just the university culture here. The whole education system is much more based on competition and does not really nurture active participation, but to blame it on the fear of repression is in my opinion not accurate.

    As of the example of Abu Ghraib. I understand myself as a fairly informed citizen and I have certainly heard of it, but I had to look it up right now, as I would not recognize the name. You cannot blame Singaporeans for not remembering this, as it did not directly affect them. I think you should consider that the United States are not the centre of the world and that what shakes the US, does not necessarily affect anybody else. If this was committed by Singaporean soldiers, then you would have been right to point it out, but as it is this is without any meaning.

    Of course there are many things that are different here in Singapore, even objectionable and I don’t want to defend this. But the way Mr. Vincoli describes it, does not correspond to reality. After all going for studies abroad is about getting a different point of view. And what better opportunity could Yale offer its students than to live in a country that has a system so much different from the US? To any open-minded exchange student this is a great opportunity to experience things like censored newspapers or a non democratic government first-hand in a very safe environment. In my opinion, that is more worth than any political science class could be.

  • daniellealexis

    I am confused as to how tmiranda_traveler is able to suggest that the disagreements in response to the writer reinforce that there is no student freedom in Singapore. Strong disagreements expressed freely are signs of an absence of freedom? Strange logic.

    If both the writer and tmiranda had actually bothered to do a little fact checking, they’d realise that the fear of writing an unlawful academic paper is completely unfounded(though you can certainly right an unintelligent one quite easily). It is quite a laugh because it becomes evident that neither have bothered to read much academic material focused on politics in Singapore to see the level of criticism and also witness the fact that neither academics or students have landed in jail for their academic writing.

    Nobody would ever profess that NUS is as free as Yale, or UNC, or anywhere else in America or the larger “free world”. Self-censorship does exist, as does the lack of robust discussion fairly often in the classroom and beyond – but this is not a uniform occurrence. The larger point is that the writer spent an entire year in Singapore, on scholarship, a political science student from a free and top university, yet failed to put forward arguments that had depth and integrity to them. Anybody can write a sensational piece, but you would expect more from someone like Walker because of where he comes from and the kind of overarching criticisms he launches. See, in Singapore, we political science students may not talk as much in class as you guys do in America, but you’ll find that quite often it’s because we prefer to think and reflect before we squawk. There is always more merit in a well-thought through and substantiated opinion, than an attention-grabbing one made just because one is free to do so.

  • keshasuxx

    I like how there’s been a deathly silence from the author of this article or any of the editorial staff who let this joke of an op-ed go through, especially when so many Singaporeans have responded so eloquently and robustly. Is it because they can’t be arsed to reply or they’re tongue-tied by the arguments put forth?

    Also, I would like to question the point of publishing this article online. Is it a thinly veiled political move by the Yale Daily News to lobby for a re-consideration of the Yale-NUS collaboration because, by the editorial staff’s measure, NUS is somehow unworthy of such a partnership?

    Lastly, one has to wonder how Phillips selects its ambassadors, because with his sore lack of tact, grip on reality and cultural sensitivity, Mr Vincoli wouldn’t have gotten through to the second interview round (let alone get selected) of any scholarship here.

  • kit333

    Hello, I am a undergraduate from NUS, majoring in linguistics.

    You made a few assumptions.
    “Students change arguments, button their lips and absorb opinions from on high”
    Nice metaphors, but bad generalizations.

    “The litmus test for academic freedom, to me, is the ability of students and faculty to engage their own country’s politics”
    To you. Your basis then.

    “partly due to a fear of retaliatory grading and partly because I worried my paper broke the law against scandalizing the court.”
    Retaliatory grading????? I will defend the academic integrity of my linguistic professors anyday, and extend this to other faculties in NUS as well. On what basis will the professors mark down your papers???

    “the society has turned individuals into self-policing subjects. Singapore has succeeded in making self-censorship routine and integrating it into the state-owned media, the state-controlled university and the minds of its citizens.”
    Self-censorship is especially good then, if you have nothing better to say.

  • yalephdnusprof

    I grimaced through every sentence of this misguided, narrow-minded piece; and despair at the many deaf American ears upon which I fear the careful replies of current and former NUS students will fall. I am American. I am also a professor of political science in the NUS political science department. I was educated at Yale and taught for more than a decade in the US, including at Yale. What Mr. Vincoli writes reveals more about the different cultures and discursive styles in the United States and Singapore than it does about politics or political freedom, per se. Nowhere is this difference illustrated better than in the blustery drama of Mr. Vincoli’s piece as compared to the substantive nuance of the replies by his Singaporean critics. The real shame here is that Mr. Vincoli spent so much time here and apparently refused to let himself become aware of, or (gasp) learn from, these cultural differences.

  • proudsingaporean

    I’m heartened to see the quality of the comments in response to the original article. The stark contrast illustrates the kind of quality thinking that can be found in the halls of Singapore universities, and the pride us Singaporeans (and foreign guests) have in our culture, even if we have a tendency of not showing it. As someone who graduated from NUS and also studied in Yale, on a programme not too dissimilar from the one the writer participated in, I think I can credibly share my experience. In both universities, I have met introspective, critical thinkers among the student populace and faculty, and a significant number of those who were content with shallow criticism of issues they did not take the effort to comprehend. Such a pity this piece, and the writer, falls into the latter category. My time in Yale has left me with the lasting impression that many NUS students possess intellectual capacity on par with the Yalies I met, and I look forward to seeing comments from American students on this issue.

    PS. Is the writer a regular contributor? I hope the Yale Daily News imposes higher standards for future articles, befitting of its stature.

  • formerNUSprof

    Dear yalephdnusprof: a few Qs. (1) Would you openly invite in members of the political opposition to the PAP to your class to engage with your students to learn more about their stance on political reform, their insights, strengths, weaknesses, etc?; (2) Can you please clarify what procedures and institutions exist should your publications or public statements be contested by the Singaporean state or another powerful figure in Singapore? More broadly, where is a public statement and/or faculty guideline regarding academic freedom at NUS? (3) Would you feel comfortable openly launching a research project on academic freedom in Singapore, or the nature of familial dynasties, power and wealth in Southeast Asia, with a focus on LKY and family?; (4) Would you recommend that your best students take up an internship with a Singaporean opposition party or human rights NGO like Amnesty International if they wanted to learn about these types of issues and actors? (5) Would you be working in Singapore if you were getting half the salary you are now (e.g., because your lifelong intellectual project is just so important it would keep you in Singapore)?; (6) How many years have you taught at NUS?

  • tkc

    Hello formerNUSprof,

    As I am not at the same level of academic expertise as you or yalephdnusprof, nor do I have much experience in professional academia, I humbly hope you will bear with me while I ask you several questions with reference to your queries. As for Question 3, 5 and 6, I believe that I am not qualified to answer those questions, and so I shall leave it to yalephdnusprof to answer them at his/her own discretion.

    1) Could you share with us your experiences? You asked yalephdnusprof if he/she would “openly invite in members of the political opposition to the PAP to [the] class to engage with [the] students”. Did you attempt to do so during your term in NUS and your proposal was rejected? I know of some professors who are trying to get opposition politicians (who are currently in Parliament) to come and give a guest lecture, but I could be wrong, of course. On the topic of political opposition members engaging students, I do recall the student societies inviting both opposition and ruling party members to student forums for debates and discussions. Do those count?

    2) Do you mean that with “a public statement and/or faculty guideline regarding academic freedom”, freedom of expression will automatically be guaranteed, and without such a statement there will be none?

    4) “Would you recommend that your best students take up an internship with a Singaporean opposition party or human rights NGO like Amnesty International if they wanted to learn about these types of issues and actors?”

    I’m not too sure what you mean by “internship with opposition parties and human rights NGOs”. Do you mean youth volunteers with opposition parties and NGOs? If you mean that, then I actually do know of many students who volunteer regularly with the opposition parties and several NGOs in Singapore, and they are not afraid to let people know of their work. Do they count?

    Thank you for your patience, and I look forward to your reply.

    • formerNUSprof

      Hello tkc, In response to your questions:
      (1) I would never have done so, for my contract would very likely not have been renewed and I would have received much pressure to cancel any planned session. Why risk it, too, when no one else on campus ever did this and when I witnessed Chee Soon Juan being escorted off campus by the police after he tried to give a talk to students (I stumbled upon this sad spectacle when sipping a cup of coffee by the university bookstore)? Perhaps things are different these days (I am talking about a decade ago). I do note that a few formal fora with opposition representatives are being held now on the NUS campus, but I am specifically talking about informal sessions where opposition representatives are brought into class so students can learn via engagement. This is common in many universities around the world, provided the professor can acquire sufficient access to convince the politicians to come in and spare some time. There is nothing like being able to ‘poke and prod’ politicians (regardless of their party) in person with critical questions.
      (2) Absolutely not a guarantee of academic freedom, but a common element that reflects institutional recognition of academic freedom as an important value/priority, like many others (e.g., teaching excellence, quality research, commitment to student welfare, ethics re student conduct, etc.). Public statements and the institutionalization of academic freedom enhance transparency, provides legitimacy, ensure that when staff and faculty change over time there is some institutional memory, and provide clarity when contests and disagreements about research projects or teaching content arise. This often comes in the form of faculty guidelines, or else is embedded in personal contracts. [By the way, these statements/guidelines are contained in many of the legal contracts signed between the Gov of Singapore and many of the foreign universities with a presence in Singapore.]
      (4) Not volunteering for volunteering sake, but for learning purposes with credit. This is like a ‘work study’ or ‘service learning’ experience where business students spend time with a firm, or a political science student spends time in a ministerial office. The key thing is that the student does not get credit for the action of volunteering as an intern but that they do the work and then reflect back upon the experience in an analytical paper that is graded. An internship with any political party (including the opposition, as well as the PAP, in the Singaporean context) or an international NGO is a very beneficial learning experience for most students.

      More broadly, I am questioning whether enhanced learning outcomes for students, and the search for truth (when framing and conducting research), including in Political Science at NUS, are *the* top priorities, above *all else*.

  • kit333

    why is “academic freedom” conflated with “political freedom”?

    why why why?

  • NYgiant7

    As a born and bred Singaporean and a permanent resident of the United States, I would like to offer my two cents’ worth on the writer’s perspective. I am not going to touch on the political freedom (or lack thereof) in Singapore and will not dispute the existence of 377A, an anti-homosexual provision which is extremely draconian and medieval in my opinion.

    Instead, I will focus on his plight at the airport and what he terms to be a potential unconstitutional arrest viewing the subway schedule late at night. I would like to point out that this will apply to all Singaporeans loitering around the subway at night; the subway in Singapore, unlike NYC, do not operate 24/7, therefore makes it dubious if one is loitering around a subway. This is hardly representative of Singapore.

    As was also echoed by one commenter, it is actually a lot easier to get arrested at JFK airport than perhaps Changi Airport in Singapore.

    As a lawful permanent resident of the United States, I am supposed to have the same legal and constitutional rights as that of a regular American citizen. However, it has been held by the Supreme Court that an LPR cannot assert constitutional rights.

    I had been subject to a couple of “secondary” (higher scrutiny) searches at the airport as an LPR, and the reason furnished by customs officers is that these searches are “arbitrary and capricious” and would apply to me since I’m not a citizen.

    I have had my luggage completed wrecked by and subject to unreasonable questioning by these so-called protectors of the borders of this great country, who have completely fettered their discretion. Questions posed to me regarding the contents of my luggage at the airport are rhetoric and suggestive, when they implied that they have found something illicit in my luggage when in reality they do not have anything to hold me.

    I did not even have the right to assert my Fifth (right against self-incrimination). If I were one with a heart condition, I may have just suffered a heart attack at customs. (True story, a LPR did die at the customs with intrusive questions a few years back.)

    If one were to skim through the 200-300 pages of the Patriot Act, you would realize that there is already a erosion of freedom and liberty, with many provisions in this Act arguably contravening the UN Convention of Human Rights, where the US is a signatory.

    To a great extent (and to my sadness and disappointment as I remain a great fan of the United States), this erosion is actually happening faster in the US than in Singapore, ever since 9/11.

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